The permanent teeth with open apex, blunderbuss canal, and Ellis Class IV fracture are difficult to treat as a traditional root canal procedure. Apexification is induction of apical closure, the treatment of choice for necrotic teeth with immature or resorbed root. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been proposed as a potential material for formation of hard tissue apical barrier. Use of anatomical post results in better prognosis of the present case. This case report presents endodontic management of a fractured maxillary right central incisor with apexification and compo-post to support weak canal and to provide tooth structure. A 21-year-old male patient came to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jaipur Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, with the chief complaint of broken upper front tooth due to accidental fall (6–7 years). Dental history of discontinued endodontic treatment 1-year back was observed. Treatment includes two phases – endodontic phase and re-construction phase followed by full-crown porcelain-fused metal prosthesis. This case report discussed an improved option of application of chairside customized made fiber posts are preferred as they stimulate the root canal anatomy, provides increased retention and adaptation and also esthetics.

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Fixed prosthodontic treatment can offer exceptional satisfaction for both patient and dentist but failure may occur at any time right from diagnosis to treatment phase which can be frustrating. The dental literature is lacking in classification of failures in Fixed partial dentures. The cause may be that signs and symptoms of failures are varied and often complex and there is the additional problem of reaching a common interpretation among investigators on the definition of failure. When dealing with failed or failing fixed restorations, proper knowledge of diagnosis, assessment of the clinical condition and technical skills are absolutely necessary. Hence it is important to be aware of obvious and subtle indications of prosthesis failure and have a working knowledge of the procedure that are necessary to remember the situation. This review focusses on classification systems of failures associated with tooth supported fixed partial denture proposed by different authors.

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Dental impression creation is the procedure of formulating a negative replica of the teeth and oral tissues, into which different die materials can be processed to create working analogs. Impression making is a routine procedure carried out at the start of any prosthodontic procedure. The accuracy and dimensional stability of impression materials are of paramount importance to the accuracy of fit of the resultant prosthesis. Hence, in the present review, we aim to highlight some of the important aspects of dental impression materials used in prosthodontics.

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Introduction: Elevated serum ferritin levels may be associated with chronic periodontitis (CP), and change in serum ferritin levels may be reflected in response to periodontal therapy. The aim of the present study is to identify the causal relationship if any between CP and serum ferritin levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients in the age group of 25–60 years were recruited from the Outpatient Department of Periodontics, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital Agalakote, Tumkur. Along with all the clinical parameters, each patient's blood was collected for in vitro assessment of serum ferritin levels at baseline and 1 month after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Results: The mean reduction in serum ferritin levels from baseline and 1 month after nonsurgical periodontal treatment in CP patients was statistically highly significant. On comparison between normal healthy individuals, the mean difference in serum ferritin levels in CP patients was statistically highly significant. Conclusion: With the result obtained, serum ferritin levels can be used as a biomarker in evaluating the effectiveness of periodontal therapy. More interventional studies with larger sample size and long-term studies are needed to evaluate serum ferritin levels can be used as a biomarker for CP patients.

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Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SRP assisted by the two clinical treatment methods of diode laser or Curcumin Gel applications in comparison with SRP alone.. Materials and Method: This single-blind clinical trial, performed in a split mouth design, was conducted on 10 patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. Following a baseline examination at first day which included the assessments of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD); patients randomly received either SRP in one quadrant (control group), or SRP combined with Curcumin gel in another quadrant (experimental group). All cases were examined again, assessing PI, GI, and PD at baseline and 90^th day. Presence of P. gingivalis was tested by PCR method. Results: In all patients, there was a significant improvement in the in GI and PD for both quadrants treated only with SRP or combination of SRP and Curcumin. However, experimental group presented significantly lower GI (P = 0.0001) and PD (P = 0.009) than the control group at the end of study period. Conclusion: This study revealed that local application of curcumin gel could be considered as an adjunctive treatment with scaling and root planning for chronic periodontitis.

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Aim: Pediatric foreign body ingestion is a worldwide problem. Dental appliances, instruments, teeth ingestions is the second most reported phenomena. Case Description: This is a case report of a 4 year old female pediatric dental patient with ingestion of posterior aesthetic zirconia crown. Report includes its management and treatment. Also signs and symptoms of foreign body ingestion, their management and preventive protocols have been briefly discussed. Conclusion: Early recognition of swallowed foreign bodies and knowledge regarding the signs and symptoms associated related to pediatric dental patients is the key to avoid unforeseen events. Clinical Significance: Preventive protocol application and knowledge regarding foreign body aspiration and ingestion helps in providing better dental care and to avoid any negative consequences in this litigious era.

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The first method for rapid prototyping was introduced in the 1980s in the field of engineering for the fabrication of a solid model based on a computed file. The innovation of digital technology have revolutionized dentistry, and this digitized medical treatment. Rapid prototyping is a type of computer aided manufacturing that make physical objects from computer data. It is a technology that is capable of making physical objects directly from 3D computer data by adding a layer upon layer and 3D physical structures are known as rapid prototypes. These includes steriolithography, selective laser sintering, 3D Printers and fused deposition modeling. Rapid prototyping are used in various branches of prosthodontics like Implantology, fabrication of cowns and bridges, mold for complete dentures and in maxillofacial prosthodontics. Fabrication of prosthesis by these technologies have reduced reliance on human variables and thus have overcome the limitations of conventional method which requires considerable human intervention. RP techniques are increasingly playing an imperative role in dentistry and will become one of the mainstream technologies for digital fabrication of dental prostheses in near future.

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Objective: Sex determination can be done by buccal epithelial cells in saliva traces found at a crime scene by examining the presence of Barr bodies in the nucleus of the epithelial cells. The present study aims to assess the efficacy of sex determination using Acridine Orange (AO) and Papanicolaou (PAP) stains for the detection of Barr bodies in buccal mucosal scrapings. Materials and Methods: Buccal scrapings from 120 healthy individuals (60 males and 60 females) were collected and were stained with AO and PAP stains. The analysis of fifty epithelial cells in each sample was done for the identification of Barr bodies. The presence of Barr bodies ≤ 5% in the sample was recorded as male and those with > 5% was recorded as female. Both stains were evaluated for percentage accuracy in determining sex. Results: In AO-stained slides, the percentage of Barr bodies ranged from 4 to 31 in females and from 0 to 9 in males, whereas with PAP the ranges recorded were 3–21 in females and 0–6 in males (P < 0.001). AO and PAP stains for detecting sex accurately, showed sensitivity and specificity of around 97.9% and 96.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Using Barr bodies in the buccal cells, providing up to 95%–98% accuracy, made it a considerable aid for sex determination. AO stain proved better than PAP stain for visualizing nuclear details with its remarkably shorter staining time and confirmed superior sex estimation efficiency compared to PAP stain.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the microleakage of various glass-ionomer restorative materials. Materials and Methods: A sample size of 60 noncarious permanent teeth was taken for the study. Standardized Class V cavities were made on the buccal surface of the tooth. Samples were divided into three groups as follows: Groups 1, 2, and 3 containing 20 teeth in each group and restored with GC Fuji II, GC Fuji IX GP, and GC Fuji II LC, respectively. Samples were then subjected to thermocycling and later on immersed in methylene blue dye for microleakage assessment. The microleakage assessment was done using stereomicroscope (Leise company). Data collected were statistically analyzed. Results: GC Fuji II exhibited maximum microleakage, followed by GC Fuji IX GP and was minimum in GC Fuji II LC. Conclusion: GC Fuji II LC showed least microleakage and thus can be recommended as the restorative material of choice for pediatric patients.

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Background: Defects in making an impression could affect the accuracy and fit of the final prostheses. Aims and Objectives: The present study evaluates whether the rigidity of impression trays made out of two different materials affect the accuracy of cast poured out of same impression material. Materials and Methods: For the present study, metallic perforated rim-lock tray and disposable plastic tray were selected for making the impression. Alginate (Tropicalgin™) was used as the impression material of choice. A master model constructed with stainless steel abutments at 44 and 47 and 34 and 37 region was used for making impressions using metal and plastic impression trays respectively. The cast was poured with type III dental stone and the distance between the reference points were measured using CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine). The results obtained were compared and statistical analysis done using one sample t – test. Results: The study came out with results showing statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between casts made out of these two different impression tray materials. Conclusions: The study concluded that rigidity of perforated metal stock trays ensured better results than perforated plastic stock trays for impressions using alginate impression material.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Conventionally, orthodontic treatment was considered to be a treatment modality for healthy young people. However, with increasing patient awareness, the trend has changed with adults now seeking orthodontic treatment. Approximately, half of the patients with diabetes are not diagnosed and an oral examination may provide the first diagnosis of the disease, So that treating doctor must have a basic knowledge of the oral features of DM. Here, we will see clinical aspects of DM, its oral manifestations, and orthodontic treatment considerations.

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Background: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) at specific anatomic sites or within specific age or gender groups and the correlation between various forms of tobacco usage in South Gujarat population. Methodology: The study covers the period from January 2016 to January 2018. OSCC cases who reported to the Bharat Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Saroli, Surat, Gujarat, were analyzed for age, sex, site, and habits. The findings were formulated to chart the prevalence in South Gujarat population. Results: The study revealed that males represented a higher proportion than females, i.e., 79% of males and 21% of females, with the highest incidence of OSCC developing in the fourth and fifth decades of life, whereas recently a shift was also observed in terms of age group as 23 patients were falling into younger age group (20–30 years), which is an alarming factor. Overall, the most common site was buccal mucosa followed by tongue and lower alveolus. Smokeless tobacco habit was more prevalent than smoking tobacco habit. Conclusion: Close follow-up and education about the harmful and carcinogenic effects of tobacco and alcohol should be provided on a larger scale and broader population.

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Since times immemorial, there has been an interactive interdependence of man on nature. The world of technology has overpowered him, yet technology and nature go hand in hand to help mankind fulfill his day-to-day necessities. The developing civilization has once again led to a quest to turn to nature in search for materials that are ecofriendly and economical. Chitosan is one such polymer. The combination of properties of chitosan such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and antibacterial properties open many possibilities for its application in medicine and dentistry. This article overviews the applications of chitosan in the form of hydrogels that can be applied effectively and give promising results for target delivery of drugs, the reduction of toxicity, and its uses focused towards the advancement of dentistry.

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Introduction: There is developing evidence to support the two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontitis (PD), with diabetes increasing the threat for PD and periodontal inflammation negatively affecting glycemic control. Aim: The objective of this survey was to investigate the dental knowledge of medical doctors regarding PD being a complication of diabetes mellitus and their attitude toward timely referral of such patients to a dental practitioner. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire survey was carried out among medical physicians in all the medical colleges of Bhopal. The questionnaire included 16 questions, and the filled questionnaire was immediately collected and analyzed through SPSS software version 16 and Pearson's correlation test. Results: The present study found that medical practitioners in Bhopal hold a certain awareness about oral health, and that there is an association between periodontal health and diabetes; nevertheless, majority do not sustain the awareness of the nexus between the two. Conclusion: Educational programs can be included in medical and dental curricula to upsurge interprofessional education to enhance care for patients with diabetes and address their treatment needs.

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Introduction: Vital tooth preparation necessitates the application of desensitizing agents due to hypersensitivity that arises out of trauma. Many desensitizing agents are currently available in the market. One must, however, note that such an application creates a barrier between the tooth cement interfaces that may alter retention. This study investigates the same. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two desensitizing agents on crown retention using resinomer cement. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three extracted human maxillary first premolar teeth were selected for the study, which was prepared using a special assembly and divided into three groups, i.e., (R + U, R + G, and R) to compare the effect of GLUMA and ULTRASEAL on crown retention using resinomer cement significant. Conclusion: The application of GLUMA desensitizing agent to resinomer cement resulted in an increase in retention that was statistically significant. ULTRASEAL is ill-suited to combine with resinomer cement.

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Aim and Objective: The main objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the comparative analysis of remineralization potential of three different materials – casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF), calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP), and bioactive glass on demineralized enamel using light fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 single-rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars were selected; 4 mm × 4 mm window was prepared on the buccal surfaces of the teeth, which was then subjected to demineralization for 96 h at 37°C. Teeth were randomly selected and divided into four study groups of 10 teeth each: Group 1 (artificial saliva), Group 2 (CPP-ACPF), Group 3 (bioactive glass), and Group 4 (CaSP). Each group was treated with respective remineralizing agents and sectioned with Struers Minitom diamond saw. Each section obtained was visualized under light fluorescence microscope for detection of remineralized and demineralized zones and also was visualized under confocal laser scanning fluorescent microscope for the quantification of demineralized and remineralized zones. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using paired t-test, followed by one-way ANOVA, where P ≤ 0.05. Results: All the groups showed better statistically significant remineralization potential when compared to the control group, but among them Group 4, that is, Toothmin group showed the highest mean remineralized value, followed by Groups 3, 2, and 1, though the values were not statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Light fluorescence microscopy was an efficient diagnostic aid in detecting remineralization and demineralization. Conclusion: CaSP (Toothmin) has got the best remineralization potential when compared to other groups.

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Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the relative ability of 8 mg dose of intraoperative dexamethasone, to reduce the postoperative discomfort after third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty patients required surgical removal of a single mandibular third molar. Two operators concluded the study on sixty patients with an impacted third molar, with each operator having thirty patients, of which 15 were administered injection dexamethasone 8 mg at the site of surgery 30 min prior to the surgical removal of the impacted tooth. The maximum interincisal distance and facial contours were measured at baseline and at postsurgery days 1 and 7 to check edema. Results: None of the patients developed wound infection or any serious postoperative complications. It was observed that the patients with intravenous steroids had very minimal postoperative swelling (within Grade 1) compared to the Sample B (Grades 2 and 3), but the bleeding and postoperative pain after 24 h were slightly more compared to the Sample B, wound healing was much delayed and suture removal on the 12^th day. Conclusion: Dexamethasone (8 mg) is effective in reducing postoperative discomfort after third molar surgeries.

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Introduction: Flexural strength is one of the most important properties which determine the clinical success of dentures. Even though titanium oxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO₂) and zirconium oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZrO₂) are extensively used to modify the properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin, there is negligible documentation in the literature comparing these two. Aim: The aim of the study is to find out and compare the effect of incorporation of 1 weight % nano-TiO₂ and nano-ZrO₂ on the flexural strength of heat-activated PMMA resin. Materials and Methods: 1 weight % of TiO₂ and ZrO₂ nanoparticles were weighed using a digital weighing balance and mixed with PMMA resin powder using the geometric dilution method. Sixty “35 mm × 10 mm × 3 mm” rectangular-shaped specimens fabricated were divided into three different groups, each containing twenty samples each. The specimens were loaded to failure at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min and with 500 N load cell in a Universal Instron Testing Machine, Model 3345. Flexural strength was registered by the machine with 0.001 MPa precision. Results: PMMA with nano-TiO₂ group had the maximum flexural strength, load at maximum flexure, and load at break followed by unreinforced PMMA and PMMA with nano-ZrO₂. Statistically significant difference was noted between the three groups (P < 0.001). Post hoc analysis using Tukey's post hoc test showed a statistically significant difference for all three pair-wise comparison. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that nano-TiO2 greatly enhanced the flexural strength, load at maximum flexure load, and load at break of PMMA resin, whereas nano-ZrO2 significantly reduced these properties of PMMA.

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Introduction: Fixed partial denture (FPD) is the term used for denoting partial dentures that are cemented to the natural teeth or root, thereby furnishing and providing primary prosthetic support. Prosthetic failure in patients rehabilitated with dental treatment can affect the periodontal health of the abutment teeth. Aim and Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the FPD's complications among patients attending a dental college in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among patients who visited the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, AMC Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, as outpatients from March 2018 to August 2018. A total of 300 patients were randomly selected and interviewed. Results: Regarding the nature of problems faced with the FPD and crown wearers, 64% of them reported with looseness and repeated dislodgement, whereas 36% of them had no such complaints. The second most common problem encountered with the patients was inability to maintain proper oral hygiene. Nearly 54% of the patients found it difficult to maintain oral hygiene. Conclusions: Knowledge regarding the clinical FPD complications enhances dentists' ability to complete a thorough diagnosis, develop the most appropriate treatment plan for patients, communicate realistic expectations to patients, and plan time intervals needed for posttreatment care in the dental institutions.

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Background: Maintenance of color throughout the functional lifetime of restorations in teeth is needed for its durability. Color changes have been considered as the major problem of dental restorations. Long-term usage of pediatric liquid medications can stain the tooth as well as the restorative materials whose longevity and acceptability are directly proportional to its color stability. Aim: The present study aims to evaluate and compare the effect of pediatric drugs on the color stability of different esthetic restorations. Methodology: Three different restorative materials such as glass-ionomer cement, composite, and ACTIVA KIDS were used to prepare a total of 150 (50 from each) specimens. These specimens were divided into five experimental subgroups (n = 10), which were immersed in 5 different liquid medicines. The color stability of all specimens was evaluated by colorimeter before and after the immersion period. Results: Composites in iron supplements showed the highest color changes, and the least changes were seen in the ACTIVA KIDS - Ibuprofen group. Conclusion: ACTIVA KIDS is found to be the most resistant to discoloration followed by GIC and composite. Iron supplements showed the highest staining ability among all the medications.

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Background: The “Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply, and Distribution) Act (COTPA)” has been formulated to control the Tobacco epidemic in India. School personnel serve as role models for students and have daily interaction with students, while college students may be under the influence of adolescent behavior and cigarettes is easier to procure. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study carried out on a convenience sample of 100 school personnel aged 18–60 years, participated in the study. Five schools were undertaken in this study on the basis of convenience sampling. All the school personnel preseent on the day of conduction of survey were included in the study. Results: The awareness of school personnel in relation to COTPA ranges between 21% and 79% whereas least awareness (80%) was seen in relation to loose cigarettes not to be sold. Conclusion: The present study indicates that participants have lesser and inappropriate knowledge and attitude toward COTPA and majority of not taken any step to implement COTPA in their work place

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Introduction: Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, of which bacterial plaque is the main cause for the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Elimination of bacterial colonization is the main objective of periodontal therapy. Scaling and root planing (SRP) has been the main treatment modality, but inaccessibility into deep pockets can leave residual deposits in the pocket resulting in recolonization pathogenic organisms in treated areas. This led to the use of antibacterial agents as subgingival irrigants as an adjunct to SRP. Ozone is known for its antimicrobial effect. Materials and Methods: Forty sites with probing pocket depth ≥6 mm were included in the study. The test sites were subjected to ozonized water subgingival irrigation, and control sites were subjected to subgingival irrigation 0.2% chlorhexidine. The clinical parameters were recorded initially and after 1 month along with microbiologic sampling. Results: Baseline values showed no statistically significant difference in any of the clinical parameters at the test and control sites. Value of P < 0.01 is considered as statistically significant. Gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level showed a statistically significant reduction after 4 weeks in both test and control sites. Conclusion: Ozonized water subgingival irrigation is effective in improving oral hygiene, reducing gingival inflammation, decreasing pocket depth, and increasing attachment levels when used as an adjunct to SRP in patients with chronic periodontitis.

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Introduction: Awareness, attitude, and practice play a major role in containing any infectious disease. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has no definitive treatment or vaccines; hence, it is momentous to spread awareness regarding the prevention strategies. It is crucial for the government and concerned authorities to understand the students' perception and attitude in the time of the current pandemic. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the level of awareness among the students of Government Dental College Alappuzha, a rural tertiary care center and Dental College in Kerala, India, regarding COVID-19 and their attitude toward the pandemic. Methodology: Questionnaire which included 21 items was used for the research. Observed data were coded, tabulated, and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 20.0. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp.). The total awareness score calculated was 20. Comparison between gender (males/females) and study groups (preclinical students/clinical students) was made using the Chi-square test. Comparison of total awareness scores between study groups was made using independent t-test. Results: Most of the study participants across study groups regularly kept track of the latest news on COVID-19 and perceived it to be of moderate or very dangerous risk though they were quite optimistic of its control. About 96% of males and 82% of females felt it is necessary to get mental health help if one panics in lieu of the pandemic situation. The mean total awareness score (out of 20) was 15.16 ± 1.81. There was no significant difference in total awareness score based on gender (15.23 ± 2.24 for males and 15.15 ± 1.71 for females) and also among the category of students (14.88 ± 1.94 for preclinical students and 15.35 ± 1.69 among clinical students). Conclusions: Attempts should be made for increasing the awareness regarding the preferred method of hand hygiene, protocol for performing aerosol-generating procedures, and airborne infection isolation room.

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Introduction: A number of self-report measures have been developed that assess the subjective health status such as dental neglect; dental anxiety and oral health related quality of life. Aim: To access the association between clinical and subjective oral health status among school going children in south Bangalore. Methods: 300 completed questionnaires designed to measure oral health indicators were collected from both children (6-10 yrs) and parents. Caries was assessed using dmft index. Result: Out of 300 children examined 55.3% - girls 44.7% - boys. Children with infrequent brushing had more caries. 28% of parents monitored their children while 42% brushed on their own. More than half of the parents and children thought it was necessary to visit dentist frequently and oral health would affect general health. Conclusion: In our study dental self-report items showed high level concordance between child and parents and was found to be clinically valid.

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Aim: To assess the awareness of diabetic patients of their risk for oral disease as a complication associated with diabetics. Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defective secretion or activity of insulin. Type II diabetes is a common disorder with concomitant oral manifestation that impacts dental care. Evidence shows that many patients are unaware of the effects of diabetes mellitus on oral health. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among adult dental patients attending a tertiary care hospital of Bengaluru city. A total of 172 patients were included in the study. Results: Of 172 patients, 120 (69.7%) were male and 52 (30.3%) were female. Among 172 patients, 87 (50%) were aware that diabetes is more prone to oral diseases. Ninety-one (52%) of the study participants did not know that diabetes affects gingiva. Ninety-one (52%) of individuals knew that diabetes causes delay in wound healing. Eighty-one percent of the participants self-rated their mouth as good. Conclusion: Diabetic patients are less aware of their risk for dental diseases. Thus, it is necessary for dental professionals and related government agencies to promote awareness of the relationship between diabetes mellitus and oral health to prevent harmful complications on oral health.

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